Upper GI Tract

Anemia

Anemia, a blood disorder in which there is a lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin, may result from blood loss, insufficient red blood cell production, or destruction of red blood cells. Anemia may be caused by a poor diet, medications, genetic conditions, chronic illnesses, or kidney disease. Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion. Anemia can lead to serious medical complications including heart attack. Treatments vary depending upon cause of anemia and may include prescriptions, supplements, or blood transfusions.

Barrett’s Esophagus

Barrett’s Esophagus occurs when the tissue lining the esophagus is damaged. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include GERD, smoking, obesity, and a family history of the disease. Barrett’s esophagus generally does not produce symptoms, so it is very important to speak to your doctor if you suffer from GERD or frequent heartburn. Gerd may be treated with over the counter or prescription medications and lifestyle changes. It is estimated that fifteen percent of patients suffering with GERD will develop Barrett’s Esophagus, which also increases a patient’s risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic allergic immune disorder, occurs when the esophagus swells in response to the abnormal presence of eosinophils (specialized white blood cells) which damages tissue in the esophagus. The swelling causes the esophagus to narrow or stiffen, which can lead to difficulty swallowing, or food getting stuck in the esophagus, which can be a medical emergency. Eosinophilic Esophagitis can affect people of all ages including children, who may refuse to eat, or experience failure to thrive. Patients of all ages may experience repeated abdominal pain, swallowing difficulty, or vomiting. Treatments may include eliminating allergens, making dietary changes, and medications.

Esophagitis and Stricture

Esophagitis, or inflammation that can damage the tissues of the esophagus, may be caused by reflux or GERD, by an infection, or by certain medications such as antibiotics or steroids. Left untreated, esophagitis can cause stricture (narrowing of the esophagus) and Barrett’s Esophagus. Symptoms include difficult or painful swallowing, heartburn, and food getting stuck in the esophagus, which can be a medical emergency. Your Gastroenterologist may recommend lifestyle changes and medications to treat esophagitis, and in the case of severe strictures, Esophageal Dilation, in which an endoscopic device is used to dilate and expand the esophagus, may be recommended.

Gastroparesis

Gastroparesis, a digestive disease in which the stomach’s muscles do not work properly, can prevent food from moving through the digestive system properly, impeding normal digestion and nutrient absorption. While the cause of gastroparesis is unknown, it can occur as a complication of diabetes, and some patients develop gastroparesis following surgery. Other risk factors include infections, eating disorders, hypothyroidism, scleroderma, psychological conditions, and neuromuscular conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, feeling full quickly after only eating a small amount, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition, weight loss, and erratic blood sugar levels. Treatment may include treating any underlying conditions, dietary changes, medications, and other medical interventions.

H. Pylori Bacterial Infection

It is estimated that in the US approximately 40 percent of people may have an H. Pylori infection, a common cause of peptic ulcers. While most people infected with H. Pylori have no signs or symptoms, the infection may also lead to gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining) and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Symptoms of H. Pylori infection include abdominal pain which may ache, burn, or increase on an empty stomach. Other symptoms include unintentional weight loss, nausea, loss of appetite, bloating, and frequent burping. Immediate medical attention should be sought for severe or frequent abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, and bloody/black stools or vomit. Treatments may include antibiotics and medications to suppress acid and help heal the stomach lining.